TY - JOUR T1 - Accelerating Progress Towards Practical Quantum Advantage: The Quantum Technology Demonstration Project Roadmap Y1 - 2023 A1 - Paul Alsing A1 - Phil Battle A1 - Joshua C. Bienfang A1 - Tammie Borders A1 - Tina Brower-Thomas A1 - Lincoln D. Carr A1 - Fred Chong A1 - Siamak Dadras A1 - Brian DeMarco A1 - Ivan Deutsch A1 - Eden Figueroa A1 - Danna Freedman A1 - Henry Everitt A1 - Daniel Gauthier A1 - Ezekiel Johnston-Halperin A1 - Jungsang Kim A1 - Mackillo Kira A1 - Prem Kumar A1 - Paul Kwiat A1 - John Lekki A1 - Anjul Loiacono A1 - Marko Lončar A1 - John R. Lowell A1 - Mikhail Lukin A1 - Celia Merzbacher A1 - Aaron Miller A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Johannes Pollanen A1 - David Pappas A1 - Michael Raymer A1 - Ronald Reano A1 - Brandon Rodenburg A1 - Martin Savage A1 - Thomas Searles A1 - Jun Ye AB -

Quantum information science and technology (QIST) is a critical and emerging technology with the potential for enormous world impact and is currently invested in by over 40 nations. To bring these large-scale investments to fruition and bridge the lower technology readiness levels (TRLs) of fundamental research at universities to the high TRLs necessary to realize the promise of practical quantum advantage accessible to industry and the public, we present a roadmap for Quantum Technology Demonstration Projects (QTDPs). Such QTDPs, focused on intermediate TRLs, are large-scale public-private partnerships with a high probability of translation from laboratory to practice. They create technology demonstrating a clear 'quantum advantage' for science breakthroughs that are user-motivated and will provide access to a broad and diverse community of scientific users. Successful implementation of a program of QTDPs will have large positive economic impacts.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14757 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Colloquium: Quantum and Classical Discrete Time Crystals Y1 - 2023 A1 - Michael P. Zaletel A1 - Mikhail Lukin A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Chetan Nayak A1 - Frank Wilczek A1 - Norman Y. Yao AB -

The spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry has led to the discovery of a new phase of matter - the discrete time crystal. Discrete time crystals exhibit rigid subharmonic oscillations, which result from a combination of many-body interactions, collective synchronization, and ergodicity breaking. This Colloquium reviews recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of quantum and classical discrete time crystals. We focus on the breaking of ergodicity as the key to discrete time crystals and the delaying of ergodicity as the source of numerous phenomena that share many of the properties of discrete time crystals, including the AC Josephson effect, coupled map lattices, and Faraday waves. Theoretically, there exists a diverse array of strategies to stabilize time crystalline order in both closed and open systems, ranging from localization and prethermalization to dissipation and error correction. Experimentally, many-body quantum simulators provide a natural platform for investigating signatures of time crystalline order; recent work utilizing trapped ions, solid-state spin systems, and superconducting qubits will be reviewed. Finally, this Colloquium concludes by describing outstanding challenges in the field and a vision for new directions on both the experimental and theoretical fronts.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.08904 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ion Trap with In-Vacuum High Numerical Aperture Imaging for a Dual-Species Modular Quantum Computer Y1 - 2023 A1 - Allison L. Carter A1 - Jameson O'Reilly A1 - George Toh A1 - Sagnik Saha A1 - Mikhail Shalaev A1 - Isabella Goetting A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

Photonic interconnects between quantum systems will play a central role in both scalable quantum computing and quantum networking. Entanglement of remote qubits via photons has been demonstrated in many platforms; however, improving the rate of entanglement generation will be instrumental for integrating photonic links into modular quantum computers. We present an ion trap system that has the highest reported free-space photon collection efficiency for quantum networking. We use a pair of in-vacuum aspheric lenses, each with a numerical aperture of 0.8, to couple 10% of the 493 nm photons emitted from a 138Ba+ ion into single-mode fibers. We also demonstrate that proximal effects of the lenses on the ion position and motion can be mitigated.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.07058 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Observation of a finite-energy phase transition in a one-dimensional quantum simulator Y1 - 2023 A1 - Alexander Schuckert A1 - Or Katz A1 - Lei Feng A1 - Eleanor Crane A1 - Arinjoy De A1 - Mohammad Hafezi A1 - Alexey V. Gorshkov A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

One of the most striking many-body phenomena in nature is the sudden change of macroscopic properties as the temperature or energy reaches a critical value. Such equilibrium transitions have been predicted and observed in two and three spatial dimensions, but have long been thought not to exist in one-dimensional (1D) systems. Fifty years ago, Dyson and Thouless pointed out that a phase transition in 1D can occur in the presence of long-range interactions, but an experimental realization has so far not been achieved due to the requirement to both prepare equilibrium states and realize sufficiently long-range interactions. Here we report on the first experimental demonstration of a finite-energy phase transition in 1D. We use the simple observation that finite-energy states can be prepared by time-evolving product initial states and letting them thermalize under the dynamics of a many-body Hamiltonian. By preparing initial states with different energies in a 1D trapped-ion quantum simulator, we study the finite-energy phase diagram of a long-range interacting quantum system. We observe a ferromagnetic equilibrium phase transition as well as a crossover from a low-energy polarized paramagnet to a high-energy unpolarized paramagnet in a system of up to 23 spins, in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. Our work demonstrates the ability of quantum simulators to realize and study previously inaccessible phases at finite energy density.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.19869 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Many-Body Quantum Teleportation via Operator Spreading in the Traversable Wormhole Protocol JF - Physical Review X Y1 - 2022 A1 - Thomas Schuster A1 - Bryce Kobrin A1 - Ping Gao A1 - Iris Cong A1 - Emil T. Khabiboulline A1 - Norbert M. Linke A1 - Mikhail D. Lukin A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Beni Yoshida A1 - Norman Y. Yao AB -

By leveraging shared entanglement between a pair of qubits, one can teleport a quantum state from one particle to another. Recent advances have uncovered an intrinsically many-body generalization of quantum teleportation, with an elegant and surprising connection to gravity. In particular, the teleportation of quantum information relies on many-body dynamics, which originate from strongly-interacting systems that are holographically dual to gravity; from the gravitational perspective, such quantum teleportation can be understood as the transmission of information through a traversable wormhole. Here, we propose and analyze a new mechanism for many-body quantum teleportation -- dubbed peaked-size teleportation. Intriguingly, peaked-size teleportation utilizes precisely the same type of quantum circuit as traversable wormhole teleportation, yet has a completely distinct microscopic origin: it relies upon the spreading of local operators under generic thermalizing dynamics and not gravitational physics. We demonstrate the ubiquity of peaked-size teleportation, both analytically and numerically, across a diverse landscape of physical systems, including random unitary circuits, the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model (at high temperatures), one-dimensional spin chains and a bulk theory of gravity with stringy corrections. Our results pave the way towards using many-body quantum teleportation as a powerful experimental tool for: (i) characterizing the size distributions of operators in strongly-correlated systems and (ii) distinguishing between generic and intrinsically gravitational scrambling dynamics. To this end, we provide a detailed experimental blueprint for realizing many-body quantum teleportation in both trapped ions and Rydberg atom arrays; effects of decoherence and experimental imperfections are analyzed.

VL - 12 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.00010 U5 - 10.1103/physrevx.12.031013 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - N-body interactions between trapped ion qubits via spin-dependent squeezing JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2022 A1 - Or Katz A1 - Marko Cetina A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

We describe a simple protocol for the single-step generation of N-body entangling interactions between trapped atomic ion qubits. We show that qubit state-dependent squeezing operations and displacement forces on the collective atomic motion can generate full N-body interactions. Similar to the Mølmer-Sørensen two-body Ising interaction at the core of most trapped ion quantum computers and simulators, the proposed operation is relatively insensitive to the state of motion. We show how this N-body gate operation allows the single-step implementation of a family of N-bit gate operations such as the powerful N-Toffoli gate, which flips a single qubit if and only if all other N-1 qubits are in a particular state.

VL - 129 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.04230 U5 - 10.1103/physrevlett.129.063603 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cross-Platform Comparison of Arbitrary Quantum Computations Y1 - 2021 A1 - Daiwei Zhu A1 - Ze-Pei Cian A1 - Crystal Noel A1 - Andrew Risinger A1 - Debopriyo Biswas A1 - Laird Egan A1 - Yingyue Zhu A1 - Alaina M. Green A1 - Cinthia Huerta Alderete A1 - Nhung H. Nguyen A1 - Qingfeng Wang A1 - Andrii Maksymov A1 - Yunseong Nam A1 - Marko Cetina A1 - Norbert M. Linke A1 - Mohammad Hafezi A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

As we approach the era of quantum advantage, when quantum computers (QCs) can outperform any classical computer on particular tasks, there remains the difficult challenge of how to validate their performance. While algorithmic success can be easily verified in some instances such as number factoring or oracular algorithms, these approaches only provide pass/fail information for a single QC. On the other hand, a comparison between different QCs on the same arbitrary circuit provides a lower-bound for generic validation: a quantum computation is only as valid as the agreement between the results produced on different QCs. Such an approach is also at the heart of evaluating metrological standards such as disparate atomic clocks. In this paper, we report a cross-platform QC comparison using randomized and correlated measurements that results in a wealth of information on the QC systems. We execute several quantum circuits on widely different physical QC platforms and analyze the cross-platform fidelities.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.11387 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Interactive Protocols for Classically-Verifiable Quantum Advantage Y1 - 2021 A1 - Daiwei Zhu A1 - Gregory D. Kahanamoku-Meyer A1 - Laura Lewis A1 - Crystal Noel A1 - Or Katz A1 - Bahaa Harraz A1 - Qingfeng Wang A1 - Andrew Risinger A1 - Lei Feng A1 - Debopriyo Biswas A1 - Laird Egan A1 - Alexandru Gheorghiu A1 - Yunseong Nam A1 - Thomas Vidick A1 - Umesh Vazirani A1 - Norman Y. Yao A1 - Marko Cetina A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

Achieving quantum computational advantage requires solving a classically intractable problem on a quantum device. Natural proposals rely upon the intrinsic hardness of classically simulating quantum mechanics; however, verifying the output is itself classically intractable. On the other hand, certain quantum algorithms (e.g. prime factorization via Shor's algorithm) are efficiently verifiable, but require more resources than what is available on near-term devices. One way to bridge the gap between verifiability and implementation is to use "interactions" between a prover and a verifier. By leveraging cryptographic functions, such protocols enable the classical verifier to enforce consistency in a quantum prover's responses across multiple rounds of interaction. In this work, we demonstrate the first implementation of an interactive quantum advantage protocol, using an ion trap quantum computer. We execute two complementary protocols -- one based upon the learning with errors problem and another where the cryptographic construction implements a computational Bell test. To perform multiple rounds of interaction, we implement mid-circuit measurements on a subset of trapped ion qubits, with subsequent coherent evolution. For both protocols, the performance exceeds the asymptotic bound for classical behavior; maintaining this fidelity at scale would conclusively demonstrate verifiable quantum advantage.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.05156 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Observation of a prethermal discrete time crystal Y1 - 2021 A1 - Antonis Kyprianidis A1 - Francisco Machado A1 - William Morong A1 - Patrick Becker A1 - Kate S. Collins A1 - Dominic V. Else A1 - Lei Feng A1 - Paul W. Hess A1 - Chetan Nayak A1 - Guido Pagano A1 - Norman Y. Yao A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

The conventional framework for defining and understanding phases of matter requires thermodynamic equilibrium. Extensions to non-equilibrium systems have led to surprising insights into the nature of many-body thermalization and the discovery of novel phases of matter, often catalyzed by driving the system periodically. The inherent heating from such Floquet drives can be tempered by including strong disorder in the system, but this can also mask the generality of non-equilibrium phases. In this work, we utilize a trapped-ion quantum simulator to observe signatures of a non-equilibrium driven phase without disorder: the prethermal discrete time crystal (PDTC). Here, many-body heating is suppressed not by disorder-induced many-body localization, but instead via high-frequency driving, leading to an expansive time window where non-equilibrium phases can emerge. We observe a number of key features that distinguish the PDTC from its many-body-localized disordered counterpart, such as the drive-frequency control of its lifetime and the dependence of time-crystalline order on the energy density of the initial state. Floquet prethermalization is thus presented as a general strategy for creating, stabilizing and studying intrinsically out-of-equilibrium phases of matter.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.01695 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Observation of measurement-induced quantum phases in a trapped-ion quantum computer Y1 - 2021 A1 - Crystal Noel A1 - Pradeep Niroula A1 - Daiwei Zhu A1 - Andrew Risinger A1 - Laird Egan A1 - Debopriyo Biswas A1 - Marko Cetina A1 - Alexey V. Gorshkov A1 - Michael Gullans A1 - David A. Huse A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

Many-body open quantum systems balance internal dynamics against decoherence from interactions with an environment. Here, we explore this balance via random quantum circuits implemented on a trapped ion quantum computer, where the system evolution is represented by unitary gates with interspersed projective measurements. As the measurement rate is varied, a purification phase transition is predicted to emerge at a critical point akin to a fault-tolerent threshold. We probe the "pure" phase, where the system is rapidly projected to a deterministic state conditioned on the measurement outcomes, and the "mixed" or "coding" phase, where the initial state becomes partially encoded into a quantum error correcting codespace. We find convincing evidence of the two phases and show numerically that, with modest system scaling, critical properties of the transition clearly emerge.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05881 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Resource-Optimized Fermionic Local-Hamiltonian Simulation on Quantum Computer for Quantum Chemistry JF - Quantum Y1 - 2021 A1 - Qingfeng Wang A1 - Ming Li A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Yunseong Nam AB -

The ability to simulate a fermionic system on a quantum computer is expected to revolutionize chemical engineering, materials design, nuclear physics, to name a few. Thus, optimizing the simulation circuits is of significance in harnessing the power of quantum computers. Here, we address this problem in two aspects. In the fault-tolerant regime, we optimize the $\rzgate$ and $\tgate$ gate counts along with the ancilla qubit counts required, assuming the use of a product-formula algorithm for implementation. We obtain a savings ratio of two in the gate counts and a savings ratio of eleven in the number of ancilla qubits required over the state of the art. In the pre-fault tolerant regime, we optimize the two-qubit gate counts, assuming the use of the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) approach. Specific to the latter, we present a framework that enables bootstrapping the VQE progression towards the convergence of the ground-state energy of the fermionic system. This framework, based on perturbation theory, is capable of improving the energy estimate at each cycle of the VQE progression, by about a factor of three closer to the known ground-state energy compared to the standard VQE approach in the test-bed, classically-accessible system of the water molecule. The improved energy estimate in turn results in a commensurate level of savings of quantum resources, such as the number of qubits and quantum gates, required to be within a pre-specified tolerance from the known ground-state energy. We also explore a suite of generalized transformations of fermion to qubit operators and show that resource-requirement savings of up to more than 20% is possible.

VL - 5 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04151 CP - 509 U5 - https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-07-26-509 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Character of Motional Modes for Entanglement and Sympathetic Cooling of Mixed-Species Trapped Ion Chains Y1 - 2020 A1 - Ksenia Sosnova A1 - Allison Carter A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

Modular mixed-species ion-trap networks are a promising framework for scalable quantum information processing, where one species acts as a memory qubit and another as a communication qubit. This architecture requires high-fidelity mixed-species entangling gates to transfer information from communication to memory qubits through their collective motion. We investigate the character of the motional modes of a mixed-species ion chain for entangling operations and also sympathetic cooling. We find that the laser power required for high-fidelity entangling gates based on transverse modes is at least an order of magnitude higher than that based on axial modes for widely different masses of the two species. We also find that for even moderate mass differences, the transverse modes are much harder to cool than the axial modes regardless of the ion chain configuration. Therefore, transverse modes conventionally used for operations in single-species ion chains may not be well suited for mixed-species chains with widely different masses.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08045 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Discrete Time Crystals JF - Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Y1 - 2020 A1 - Dominic V. Else A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Chetan Nayak A1 - Norman Y. Yao AB -

Experimental advances have allowed for the exploration of nearly isolated quantum many-body systems whose coupling to an external bath is very weak. A particularly interesting class of such systems is those which do not thermalize under their own isolated quantum dynamics. In this review, we highlight the possibility for such systems to exhibit new non-equilibrium phases of matter. In particular, we focus on "discrete time crystals", which are many-body phases of matter characterized by a spontaneously broken discrete time translation symmetry. We give a definition of discrete time crystals from several points of view, emphasizing that they are a non-equilibrium phenomenon, which is stabilized by many-body interactions, with no analog in non-interacting systems. We explain the theory behind several proposed models of discrete time crystals, and compare a number of recent realizations, in different experimental contexts. 

VL - 11 U4 - 467-499 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.13232 U5 - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050658 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fault-Tolerant Operation of a Quantum Error-Correction Code Y1 - 2020 A1 - Laird Egan A1 - Dripto M. Debroy A1 - Crystal Noel A1 - Andrew Risinger A1 - Daiwei Zhu A1 - Debopriyo Biswas A1 - Michael Newman A1 - Muyuan Li A1 - Kenneth R. Brown A1 - Marko Cetina A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

Quantum error correction protects fragile quantum information by encoding it in a larger quantum system whose extra degrees of freedom enable the detection and correction of errors. An encoded logical qubit thus carries increased complexity compared to a bare physical qubit. Fault-tolerant protocols contain the spread of errors and are essential for realizing error suppression with an error-corrected logical qubit. Here we experimentally demonstrate fault-tolerant preparation, rotation, error syndrome extraction, and measurement on a logical qubit encoded in the 9-qubit Bacon-Shor code. For the logical qubit, we measure an average fault-tolerant preparation and measurement error of 0.6% and a transversal Clifford gate with an error of 0.3% after error correction. The result is an encoded logical qubit whose logical fidelity exceeds the fidelity of the entangling operations used to create it. We compare these operations with non-fault-tolerant protocols capable of generating arbitrary logical states, and observe the expected increase in error. We directly measure the four Bacon-Shor stabilizer generators and are able to detect single qubit Pauli errors. These results show that fault-tolerant quantum systems are currently capable of logical primitives with error rates lower than their constituent parts. With the future addition of intermediate measurements, the full power of scalable quantum error-correction can be achieved. 

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.11482 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Many-Body Dephasing in a Trapped-Ion Quantum Simulator JF - Phys. Rev. Lett. Y1 - 2020 A1 - Harvey B. Kaplan A1 - Lingzhen Guo A1 - Wen Lin Tan A1 - Arinjoy De A1 - Florian Marquardt A1 - Guido Pagano A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

How a closed interacting quantum many-body system relaxes and dephases as a function of time is a fundamental question in thermodynamic and statistical physics. In this work, we observe and analyse the persistent temporal fluctuations after a quantum quench of a tunable long-range interacting transverse-field Ising Hamiltonian realized with a trapped-ion quantum simulator. We measure the temporal fluctuations in the average magnetization of a finite-size system of spin-1/2 particles and observe the experimental evidence for the theoretically predicted regime of many-body dephasing. We experiment in a regime where the properties of the system are closely related to the integrable Hamiltonian with global spin-spin coupling, which enables analytical predictions even for the long-time non-integrable dynamics. We find that the measured fluctuations are exponentially suppressed with increasing system size, consistent with theoretical predictions. 

VL - 125 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.02477 CP - 120605 U5 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.120605 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantum walks and Dirac cellular automata on a programmable trapped-ion quantum computer Y1 - 2020 A1 - C. Huerta Alderete A1 - Shivani Singh A1 - Nhung H. Nguyen A1 - Daiwei Zhu A1 - Radhakrishnan Balu A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - C. M. Chandrashekar A1 - Norbert M. Linke AB -

The quantum walk formalism is a widely used and highly successful framework for modeling quantum systems, such as simulations of the Dirac equation, different dynamics in both the low and high energy regime, and for developing a wide range of quantum algorithms. Here we present the circuit-based implementation of a discrete-time quantum walk in position space on a five-qubit trapped-ion quantum processor. We encode the space of walker positions in particular multi-qubit states and program the system to operate with different quantum walk parameters, experimentally realizing a Dirac cellular automaton with tunable mass parameter. The quantum walk circuits and position state mapping scale favorably to a larger model and physical systems, allowing the implementation of any algorithm based on discrete-time quantum walks algorithm and the dynamics associated with the discretized version of the Dirac equation.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.02537 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Towards analog quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories with trapped ions JF - Physical Review Research Y1 - 2020 A1 - Zohreh Davoudi A1 - Mohammad Hafezi A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Guido Pagano A1 - Alireza Seif A1 - Andrew Shaw AB -

Gauge field theories play a central role in modern physics and are at the heart of the Standard Model of elementary particles and interactions. Despite significant progress in applying classical computational techniques to simulate gauge theories, it has remained a challenging task to compute the real-time dynamics of systems described by gauge theories. An exciting possibility that has been explored in recent years is the use of highly-controlled quantum systems to simulate, in an analog fashion, properties of a target system whose dynamics are difficult to compute. Engineered atom-laser interactions in a linear crystal of trapped ions offer a wide range of possibilities for quantum simulations of complex physical systems. Here, we devise practical proposals for analog simulation of simple lattice gauge theories whose dynamics can be mapped onto spin-spin interactions in any dimension. These include 1+1D quantum electrodynamics, 2+1D Abelian Chern-Simons theory coupled to fermions, and 2+1D pure Z2 gauge theory. The scheme proposed, along with the optimization protocol applied, will have applications beyond the examples presented in this work, and will enable scalable analog quantum simulation of Heisenberg spin models in any number of dimensions and with arbitrary interaction strengths.

VL - 2 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03210 CP - 023015 U5 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023015 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Universal one-dimensional discrete-time quantum walks and their implementation on near term quantum hardware Y1 - 2020 A1 - Shivani Singh A1 - Cinthia H. Alderete A1 - Radhakrishnan Balu A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Norbert M. Linke A1 - C. M. Chandrashekar AB -

Quantum walks are a promising framework for developing quantum algorithms and quantum simulations. Quantum walks represent an important test case for the application of quantum computers. Here we present different forms of discrete-time quantum walks and show their equivalence for physical realizations. Using an appropriate digital mapping of the position space on which a walker evolves onto the multi-qubit states in a quantum processor, we present different configurations of quantum circuits for the implementation of discrete-time quantum walks in one-dimensional position space. With example circuits for a five qubit machine we address scalability to higher dimensions and larger quantum processors.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11197 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Confined Dynamics in Long-Range Interacting Quantum Spin Chains JF - Phys. Rev. Lett. Y1 - 2019 A1 - Fangli Liu A1 - Rex Lundgren A1 - Paraj Titum A1 - Guido Pagano A1 - Jiehang Zhang A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Alexey V. Gorshkov AB -

We study the quasiparticle excitation and quench dynamics of the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model with power-law (1/rα) interactions. We find that long-range interactions give rise to a confining potential, which couples pairs of domain walls (kinks) into bound quasiparticles, analogous to mesonic bound states in high-energy physics. We show that these bound states have dramatic consequences for the non-equilibrium dynamics following a global quantum quench, such as suppressed spreading of quantum information and oscillations of order parameters. The masses of these bound states can be read out from the Fourier spectrum of these oscillating order parameters. We then use a two-kink model to qualitatively explain the phenomenon of long-range-interaction-induced confinement. The masses of the bound states predicted by this model are in good quantitative agreement with exact diagonalization results. Moreover, we illustrate that these bound states lead to weak thermalization of local observables for initial states with energy near the bottom of the many-body energy spectrum. Our work is readily applicable to current trapped-ion experiments.

VL - 122 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.02365 CP - 150601 U5 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.150601 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Development of Quantum InterConnects for Next-Generation Information Technologies Y1 - 2019 A1 - David Awschalom A1 - Karl K. Berggren A1 - Hannes Bernien A1 - Sunil Bhave A1 - Lincoln D. Carr A1 - Paul Davids A1 - Sophia E. Economou A1 - Dirk Englund A1 - Andrei Faraon A1 - Marty Fejer A1 - Saikat Guha A1 - Martin V. Gustafsson A1 - Evelyn Hu A1 - Liang Jiang A1 - Jungsang Kim A1 - Boris Korzh A1 - Prem Kumar A1 - Paul G. Kwiat A1 - Marko Lončar A1 - Mikhail D. Lukin A1 - David A. B. Miller A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Sae Woo Nam A1 - Prineha Narang A1 - Jason S. Orcutt AB -

Just as classical information technology rests on a foundation built of interconnected information-processing systems, quantum information technology (QIT) must do the same. A critical component of such systems is the interconnect, a device or process that allows transfer of information between disparate physical media, for example, semiconductor electronics, individual atoms, light pulses in optical fiber, or microwave fields. While interconnects have been well engineered for decades in the realm of classical information technology, quantum interconnects (QuICs) present special challenges, as they must allow the transfer of fragile quantum states between different physical parts or degrees of freedom of the system. The diversity of QIT platforms (superconducting, atomic, solid-state color center, optical, etc.) that will form a quantum internet poses additional challenges. As quantum systems scale to larger size, the quantum interconnect bottleneck is imminent, and is emerging as a grand challenge for QIT. For these reasons, it is the position of the community represented by participants of the NSF workshop on Quantum Interconnects that accelerating QuIC research is crucial for sustained development of a national quantum science and technology program. Given the diversity of QIT platforms, materials used, applications, and infrastructure required, a convergent research program including partnership between academia, industry and national laboratories is required. This document is a summary from a U.S. National Science Foundation supported workshop held on 31 October - 1 November 2019 in Alexandria, VA. Attendees were charged to identify the scientific and community needs, opportunities, and significant challenges for quantum interconnects over the next 2-5 years. 

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06642 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ground-state energy estimation of the water molecule on a trapped ion quantum computer Y1 - 2019 A1 - Yunseong Nam A1 - Jwo-Sy Chen A1 - Neal C. Pisenti A1 - Kenneth Wright A1 - Conor Delaney A1 - Dmitri Maslov A1 - Kenneth R. Brown A1 - Stewart Allen A1 - Jason M. Amini A1 - Joel Apisdorf A1 - Kristin M. Beck A1 - Aleksey Blinov A1 - Vandiver Chaplin A1 - Mika Chmielewski A1 - Coleman Collins A1 - Shantanu Debnath A1 - Andrew M. Ducore A1 - Kai M. Hudek A1 - Matthew Keesan A1 - Sarah M. Kreikemeier A1 - Jonathan Mizrahi A1 - Phil Solomon A1 - Mike Williams A1 - Jaime David Wong-Campos A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Jungsang Kim AB -

Quantum computing leverages the quantum resources of superposition and entanglement to efficiently solve computational problems considered intractable for classical computers. Examples include calculating molecular and nuclear structure, simulating strongly-interacting electron systems, and modeling aspects of material function. While substantial theoretical advances have been made in mapping these problems to quantum algorithms, there remains a large gap between the resource requirements for solving such problems and the capabilities of currently available quantum hardware. Bridging this gap will require a co-design approach, where the expression of algorithms is developed in conjunction with the hardware itself to optimize execution. Here, we describe a scalable co-design framework for solving chemistry problems on a trapped ion quantum computer, and apply it to compute the ground-state energy of the water molecule. The robust operation of the trapped ion quantum computer yields energy estimates with errors approaching the chemical accuracy, which is the target threshold necessary for predicting the rates of chemical reaction dynamics.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10171 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Heisenberg-Scaling Measurement Protocol for Analytic Functions with Quantum Sensor Networks JF - Phys. Rev. A Y1 - 2019 A1 - Kevin Qian A1 - Zachary Eldredge A1 - Wenchao Ge A1 - Guido Pagano A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - James V. Porto A1 - Alexey V. Gorshkov AB -

We generalize past work on quantum sensor networks to show that, for d input parameters, entanglement can yield a factor O(d) improvement in mean squared error when estimating an analytic function of these parameters. We show that the protocol is optimal for qubit sensors, and conjecture an optimal protocol for photons passing through interferometers. Our protocol is also applicable to continuous variable measurements, such as one quadrature of a field operator. We outline a few potential applications, including calibration of laser operations in trapped ion quantum computing.

VL - 100 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.09042 CP - 042304 U5 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.100.042304 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantum Computer Systems for Scientific Discovery Y1 - 2019 A1 - Yuri Alexeev A1 - Dave Bacon A1 - Kenneth R. Brown A1 - Robert Calderbank A1 - Lincoln D. Carr A1 - Frederic T. Chong A1 - Brian DeMarco A1 - Dirk Englund A1 - Edward Farhi A1 - Bill Fefferman A1 - Alexey V. Gorshkov A1 - Andrew Houck A1 - Jungsang Kim A1 - Shelby Kimmel A1 - Michael Lange A1 - Seth Lloyd A1 - Mikhail D. Lukin A1 - Dmitri Maslov A1 - Peter Maunz A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - John Preskill A1 - Martin Roetteler A1 - Martin Savage A1 - Jeff Thompson A1 - Umesh Vazirani AB -

The great promise of quantum computers comes with the dual challenges of building them and finding their useful applications. We argue that these two challenges should be considered together, by co-designing full stack quantum computer systems along with their applications in order to hasten their development and potential for scientific discovery. In this context, we identify scientific and community needs, opportunities, and significant challenges for the development of quantum computers for science over the next 2-10 years. This document is written by a community of university, national laboratory, and industrial researchers in the field of Quantum Information Science and Technology, and is based on a summary from a U.S. National Science Foundation workshop on Quantum Computing held on October 21-22, 2019 in Alexandria, VA.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.07577 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantum repeaters based on two species trapped ions JF - New J. Phys. Y1 - 2019 A1 - Siddhartha Santra A1 - Sreraman Muralidharan A1 - Martin Lichtman A1 - Liang Jiang A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Vladimir S. Malinovsky AB -

We examine the viability of quantum repeaters based on two-species trapped ion modules for long distance quantum key distribution. Repeater nodes comprised of ion-trap modules of co-trapped ions of distinct species are considered. The species used for communication qubits has excellent optical properties while the other longer lived species serves as a memory qubit in the modules. Each module interacts with the network only via single photons emitted by the communication ions. Coherent Coulomb interaction between ions is utilized to transfer quantum information between the communication and memory ions and to achieve entanglement swapping between two memory ions. We describe simple modular quantum repeater architectures realizable with the ion-trap modules and numerically study the dependence of the quantum key distribution rate on various experimental parameters, including coupling efficiency, gate infidelity, operation time and length of the elementary links. Our analysis suggests crucial improvements necessary in a physical implementation for co-trapped two-species ions to be a competitive platform in long-distance quantum communication. 

VL - 21 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.10723 CP - 073002 U5 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab2a45 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantum Simulators: Architectures and Opportunities Y1 - 2019 A1 - Ehud Altman A1 - Kenneth R. Brown A1 - Giuseppe Carleo A1 - Lincoln D. Carr A1 - Eugene Demler A1 - Cheng Chin A1 - Brian DeMarco A1 - Sophia E. Economou A1 - Mark A. Eriksson A1 - Kai-Mei C. Fu A1 - Markus Greiner A1 - Kaden R. A. Hazzard A1 - Randall G. Hulet A1 - Alicia J. Kollár A1 - Benjamin L. Lev A1 - Mikhail D. Lukin A1 - Ruichao Ma A1 - Xiao Mi A1 - Shashank Misra A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Kater Murch A1 - Zaira Nazario A1 - Kang-Kuen Ni A1 - Andrew C. Potter A1 - Pedram Roushan AB -

Quantum simulators are a promising technology on the spectrum of quantum devices from specialized quantum experiments to universal quantum computers. These quantum devices utilize entanglement and many-particle behaviors to explore and solve hard scientific, engineering, and computational problems. Rapid development over the last two decades has produced more than 300 quantum simulators in operation worldwide using a wide variety of experimental platforms. Recent advances in several physical architectures promise a golden age of quantum simulators ranging from highly optimized special purpose simulators to flexible programmable devices. These developments have enabled a convergence of ideas drawn from fundamental physics, computer science, and device engineering. They have strong potential to address problems of societal importance, ranging from understanding vital chemical processes, to enabling the design of new materials with enhanced performance, to solving complex computational problems. It is the position of the community, as represented by participants of the NSF workshop on "Programmable Quantum Simulators," that investment in a national quantum simulator program is a high priority in order to accelerate the progress in this field and to result in the first practical applications of quantum machines. Such a program should address two areas of emphasis: (1) support for creating quantum simulator prototypes usable by the broader scientific community, complementary to the present universal quantum computer effort in industry; and (2) support for fundamental research carried out by a blend of multi-investigator, multi-disciplinary collaborations with resources for quantum simulator software, hardware, and education. 

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06938 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Demonstration of Bayesian quantum game on an ion trap quantum computer Y1 - 2018 A1 - Neal Solmeyer A1 - Norbert M. Linke A1 - Caroline Figgatt A1 - Kevin A. Landsman A1 - Radhakrishnan Balu A1 - George Siopsis A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

We demonstrate a Bayesian quantum game on an ion trap quantum computer with five qubits. The players share an entangled pair of qubits and perform rotations on their qubit as the strategy choice. Two five-qubit circuits are sufficient to run all 16 possible strategy choice sets in a game with four possible strategies. The data are then parsed into player types randomly in order to combine them classically into a Bayesian framework. We exhaustively compute the possible strategies of the game so that the experimental data can be used to solve for the Nash equilibria of the game directly. Then we compare the payoff at the Nash equilibria and location of phase-change-like transitions obtained from the experimental data to the theory, and study how it changes as a function of the amount of entanglement.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.08116 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - High Purity Single Photons Entangled with an Atomic Memory Y1 - 2018 A1 - Clayton Crocker A1 - Martin Lichtman A1 - Ksenia Sosnova A1 - Allison Carter A1 - Sophia Scarano A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

Trapped atomic ions are an ideal candidate for quantum network nodes, with long-lived identical qubit memories that can be locally entangled through their Coulomb interaction and remotely entangled through photonic channels. The integrity of this photonic interface is generally reliant on purity of single photons produced by the quantum memory. Here we demonstrate a single-photon source for quantum networking based on a trapped 138Ba+ ion with a single photon purity of g2(0)=(8.1±2.3)×10−5 without background subtraction. We further optimize the tradeoff between the photonic generation rate and the memory-photon entanglement fidelity for the case of polarization photonic qubits by tailoring the spatial mode of the collected light. 

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.01749 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Robust two-qubit gates in a linear ion crystal using a frequency-modulated driving force JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2018 A1 - Pak Hong Leung A1 - Kevin A. Landsman A1 - Caroline Figgatt A1 - Norbert M. Linke A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Kenneth R. Brown AB -

In an ion trap quantum computer, collective motional modes are used to entangle two or more qubits in order to execute multi-qubit logical gates. Any residual entanglement between the internal and motional states of the ions will result in decoherence errors, especially when there are many spectator ions in the crystal. We propose using a frequency-modulated (FM) driving force to minimize such errors and implement it experimentally. In simulation, we obtained an optimized FM gate that can suppress decoherence to less than 10−4 and is robust against a frequency drift of more than ±1 kHz. The two-qubit gate was tested in a five-qubit trapped ion crystal, with 98.3(4)% fidelity for a Mølmer-Sørensen entangling gate and 98.6(7)% for a controlled-not (CNOT) gate. We also show an optimized FM two-qubit gate for 17 ions, proving the scalability of our method.

VL - 120 U4 - 020501 UR - https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.020501 CP - 2 U5 - 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.020501 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Verified Quantum Information Scrambling Y1 - 2018 A1 - Kevin A. Landsman A1 - Caroline Figgatt A1 - Thomas Schuster A1 - Norbert M. Linke A1 - Beni Yoshida A1 - Norman Y. Yao A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

Quantum scrambling is the dispersal of local information into many-body quantum entanglements and correlations distributed throughout the entire system. This concept underlies the dynamics of thermalization in closed quantum systems, and more recently has emerged as a powerful tool for characterizing chaos in black holes. However, the direct experimental measurement of quantum scrambling is difficult, owing to the exponential complexity of ergodic many-body entangled states. One way to characterize quantum scrambling is to measure an out-of-time-ordered correlation function (OTOC); however, since scrambling leads to their decay, OTOCs do not generally discriminate between quantum scrambling and ordinary decoherence. Here, we implement a quantum circuit that provides a positive test for the scrambling features of a given unitary process. This approach conditionally teleports a quantum state through the circuit, providing an unambiguous litmus test for scrambling while projecting potential circuit errors into an ancillary observable. We engineer quantum scrambling processes through a tunable 3-qubit unitary operation as part of a 7-qubit circuit on an ion trap quantum computer. Measured teleportation fidelities are typically ∼80%, and enable us to experimentally bound the scrambling-induced decay of the corresponding OTOC measurement.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02807 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Complete 3-Qubit Grover Search on a Programmable Quantum Computer JF - Nature Communications, accepted Y1 - 2017 A1 - C. Figgatt A1 - Dmitri Maslov A1 - K. A. Landsman A1 - N. M. Linke A1 - S. Debnath A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

Searching large databases is an important problem with broad applications. The Grover search algorithm provides a powerful method for quantum computers to perform searches with a quadratic speedup in the number of required database queries over classical computers. It is an optimal search algorithm for a quantum computer, and has further applications as a subroutine for other quantum algorithms. Searches with two qubits have been demonstrated on a variety of platforms and proposed for others, but larger search spaces have only been demonstrated on a non-scalable NMR system. Here, we report results for a complete three-qubit Grover search algorithm using the scalable quantum computing technology of trapped atomic ions, with better-than-classical performance. The algorithm is performed for all 8 possible single-result oracles and all 28 possible two-result oracles. Two methods of state marking are used for the oracles: a phase-flip method employed by other experimental demonstrations, and a Boolean method requiring an ancilla qubit that is directly equivalent to the state-marking scheme required to perform a classical search. All quantum solutions are shown to outperform their classical counterparts. We also report the first implementation of a Toffoli-4 gate, which is used along with Toffoli-3 gates to construct the algorithms; these gates have process fidelities of 70.5% and 89.6%, respectively.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10535 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Experimental Comparison of Two Quantum Computing Architectures T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Y1 - 2017 A1 - N.M. Linke A1 - Dmitri Maslov A1 - Martin Roetteler A1 - S. Debnath A1 - C. Figgatt A1 - K. A. Landsman A1 - K. Wright A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

We run a selection of algorithms on two state-of-the-art 5-qubit quantum computers that are based on different technology platforms. One is a publicly accessible superconducting transmon device [1] with limited connectivity, and the other is a fully connected trapped-ion system [2]. Even though the two systems have different native quantum interactions, both can be programmed in a way that is blind to the underlying hardware, thus allowing the first comparison of identical quantum algorithms between different physical systems. We show that quantum algorithms and circuits that employ more connectivity clearly benefit from a better connected system of qubits. While the quantum systems here are not yet large enough to eclipse classical computers, this experiment exposes critical factors of scaling quantum computers, such as qubit connectivity and gate expressivity. In addition, the results suggest that co-designing particular quantum applications with the hardware itself will be paramount in successfully using quantum computers in the future.

JA - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences VL - 114 U4 - 3305-3310 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/114/13/3305 U5 - 10.1073/pnas.1618020114 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Co-Designing a Scalable Quantum Computer with Trapped Atomic Ions Y1 - 2016 A1 - Kenneth R. Brown A1 - Jaewan Kim A1 - Christopher Monroe AB - The first generation of quantum computers are on the horizon, fabricated from quantum hardware platforms that may soon be able to tackle certain tasks that cannot be performed or modelled with conventional computers. These quantum devices will not likely be universal or fully programmable, but special-purpose processors whose hardware will be tightly co-designed with particular target applications. Trapped atomic ions are a leading platform for first generation quantum computers, but are also fundamentally scalable to more powerful general purpose devices in future generations. This is because trapped ion qubits are atomic clock standards that can be made identical to a part in 10^15, and their quantum circuit connectivity can be reconfigured through the use of external fields, without modifying the arrangement or architecture of the qubits themselves. In this article we show how a modular quantum computer of any size can be engineered from ion crystals, and how the wiring between ion trap qubits can be tailored to a variety of applications and quantum computing protocols. UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.02840 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Kaleidoscope of quantum phases in a long-range interacting spin-1 chain JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2016 A1 - Zhe-Xuan Gong A1 - Mohammad F. Maghrebi A1 - Anzi Hu A1 - Michael Foss-Feig A1 - Philip Richerme A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Alexey V. Gorshkov AB - Motivated by recent trapped-ion quantum simulation experiments, we carry out a comprehensive study of the phase diagram of a spin-1 chain with XXZ-type interactions that decay as 1/rα, using a combination of finite and infinite-size DMRG calculations, spin-wave analysis, and field theory. In the absence of long-range interactions, varying the spin-coupling anisotropy leads to four distinct phases: a ferromagnetic Ising phase, a disordered XY phase, a topological Haldane phase, and an antiferromagnetic Ising phase. If long-range interactions are antiferromagnetic and thus frustrated, we find primarily a quantitative change of the phase boundaries. On the other hand, ferromagnetic (non-frustrated) long-range interactions qualitatively impact the entire phase diagram. Importantly, for α≲3, long-range interactions destroy the Haldane phase, break the conformal symmetry of the XY phase, give rise to a new phase that spontaneously breaks a U(1) continuous symmetry, and introduce an exotic tricritical point with no direct parallel in short-range interacting spin chains. We show that the main signatures of all five phases found could be observed experimentally in the near future. VL - 93 U4 - 205115 UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.02108 CP - 20 U5 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.205115 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Many-body localization in a quantum simulator with programmable random disorder JF - Nature Physics Y1 - 2016 A1 - Jacob Smith A1 - Aaron Lee A1 - Philip Richerme A1 - Brian Neyenhuis A1 - Paul W. Hess A1 - Philipp Hauke A1 - Markus Heyl A1 - David A. Huse A1 - Christopher Monroe AB -

When a system thermalizes it loses all local memory of its initial conditions. This is a general feature of open systems and is well described by equilibrium statistical mechanics. Even within a closed (or reversible) quantum system, where unitary time evolution retains all information about its initial state, subsystems can still thermalize using the rest of the system as an effective heat bath. Exceptions to quantum thermalization have been predicted and observed, but typically require inherent symmetries or noninteracting particles in the presence of static disorder. The prediction of many-body localization (MBL), in which disordered quantum systems can fail to thermalize in spite of strong interactions and high excitation energy, was therefore surprising and has attracted considerable theoretical attention. Here we experimentally generate MBL states by applying an Ising Hamiltonian with long-range interactions and programmably random disorder to ten spins initialized far from equilibrium. We observe the essential signatures of MBL: memory retention of the initial state, a Poissonian distribution of energy level spacings, and entanglement growth in the system at long times. Our platform can be scaled to higher numbers of spins, where detailed modeling of MBL becomes impossible due to the complexity of representing such entangled quantum states. Moreover, the high degree of control in our experiment may guide the use of MBL states as potential quantum memories in naturally disordered quantum systems.

UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.07026v1 U5 - 10.1038/nphys3783 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Non-local propagation of correlations in long-range interacting quantum systems JF - Nature Y1 - 2014 A1 - Philip Richerme A1 - Zhe-Xuan Gong A1 - Aaron Lee A1 - Crystal Senko A1 - Jacob Smith A1 - Michael Foss-Feig A1 - Spyridon Michalakis A1 - Alexey V. Gorshkov A1 - Christopher Monroe AB - The maximum speed with which information can propagate in a quantum many-body system directly affects how quickly disparate parts of the system can become correlated and how difficult the system will be to describe numerically. For systems with only short-range interactions, Lieb and Robinson derived a constant-velocity bound that limits correlations to within a linear effective light cone. However, little is known about the propagation speed in systems with long-range interactions, since the best long-range bound is too loose to give the correct light-cone shape for any known spin model and since analytic solutions rarely exist. In this work, we experimentally determine the spatial and time-dependent correlations of a far-from-equilibrium quantum many-body system evolving under a long-range Ising- or XY-model Hamiltonian. For several different interaction ranges, we extract the shape of the light cone and measure the velocity with which correlations propagate through the system. In many cases we find increasing propagation velocities, which violate the Lieb-Robinson prediction, and in one instance cannot be explained by any existing theory. Our results demonstrate that even modestly-sized quantum simulators are well-poised for studying complicated many-body systems that are intractable to classical computation. VL - 511 U4 - 198 - 201 UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5088v1 CP - 7508 J1 - Nature U5 - 10.1038/nature13450 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Experimental Performance of a Quantum Simulator: Optimizing Adiabatic Evolution and Identifying Many-Body Ground States JF - Physical Review A Y1 - 2013 A1 - Philip Richerme A1 - Crystal Senko A1 - Jacob Smith A1 - Aaron Lee A1 - Simcha Korenblit A1 - Christopher Monroe AB - We use local adiabatic evolution to experimentally create and determine the ground state spin ordering of a fully-connected Ising model with up to 14 spins. Local adiabatic evolution -- in which the system evolution rate is a function of the instantaneous energy gap -- is found to maximize the ground state probability compared with other adiabatic methods while only requiring knowledge of the lowest $\sim N$ of the $2^N$ Hamiltonian eigenvalues. We also demonstrate that the ground state ordering can be experimentally identified as the most probable of all possible spin configurations, even when the evolution is highly non-adiabatic. VL - 88 UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.2253v1 CP - 1 J1 - Phys. Rev. A U5 - 10.1103/PhysRevA.88.012334 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantum Catalysis of Magnetic Phase Transitions in a Quantum Simulator JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2013 A1 - Philip Richerme A1 - Crystal Senko A1 - Simcha Korenblit A1 - Jacob Smith A1 - Aaron Lee A1 - Rajibul Islam A1 - Wesley C. Campbell A1 - Christopher Monroe AB - We control quantum fluctuations to create the ground state magnetic phases of a classical Ising model with a tunable longitudinal magnetic field using a system of 6 to 10 atomic ion spins. Due to the long-range Ising interactions, the various ground state spin configurations are separated by multiple first-order phase transitions, which in our zero temperature system cannot be driven by thermal fluctuations. We instead use a transverse magnetic field as a quantum catalyst to observe the first steps of the complete fractal devil's staircase, which emerges in the thermodynamic limit and can be mapped to a large number of many-body and energy-optimization problems. VL - 111 UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.6983v2 CP - 10 J1 - Phys. Rev. Lett. U5 - 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.100506 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantum Simulation of Spin Models on an Arbitrary Lattice with Trapped Ions JF - New Journal of Physics Y1 - 2012 A1 - Simcha Korenblit A1 - Dvir Kafri A1 - Wess C. Campbell A1 - Rajibul Islam A1 - Emily E. Edwards A1 - Zhe-Xuan Gong A1 - Guin-Dar Lin A1 - Luming Duan A1 - Jungsang Kim A1 - Kihwan Kim A1 - Christopher Monroe AB - A collection of trapped atomic ions represents one of the most attractive platforms for the quantum simulation of interacting spin networks and quantum magnetism. Spin-dependent optical dipole forces applied to an ion crystal create long-range effective spin-spin interactions and allow the simulation of spin Hamiltonians that possess nontrivial phases and dynamics. Here we show how appropriate design of laser fields can provide for arbitrary multidimensional spin-spin interaction graphs even for the case of a linear spatial array of ions. This scheme uses currently existing trap technology and is scalable to levels where classical methods of simulation are intractable. VL - 14 U4 - 095024 UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0776v1 CP - 9 J1 - New J. Phys. U5 - 10.1088/1367-2630/14/9/095024 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantum Computing JF - Nature Y1 - 2010 A1 - Thaddeus D. Ladd A1 - Fedor Jelezko A1 - Raymond Laflamme A1 - Yasunobu Nakamura A1 - Christopher Monroe A1 - Jeremy L. O'Brien AB - Quantum mechanics---the theory describing the fundamental workings of nature---is famously counterintuitive: it predicts that a particle can be in two places at the same time, and that two remote particles can be inextricably and instantaneously linked. These predictions have been the topic of intense metaphysical debate ever since the theory's inception early last century. However, supreme predictive power combined with direct experimental observation of some of these unusual phenomena leave little doubt as to its fundamental correctness. In fact, without quantum mechanics we could not explain the workings of a laser, nor indeed how a fridge magnet operates. Over the last several decades quantum information science has emerged to seek answers to the question: can we gain some advantage by storing, transmitting and processing information encoded in systems that exhibit these unique quantum properties? Today it is understood that the answer is yes. Many research groups around the world are working towards one of the most ambitious goals humankind has ever embarked upon: a quantum computer that promises to exponentially improve computational power for particular tasks. A number of physical systems, spanning much of modern physics, are being developed for this task---ranging from single particles of light to superconducting circuits---and it is not yet clear which, if any, will ultimately prove successful. Here we describe the latest developments for each of the leading approaches and explain what the major challenges are for the future. VL - 464 U4 - 45 - 53 UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2267v1 CP - 7285 J1 - Nature U5 - 10.1038/nature08812 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Protocol for Hybrid Entanglement Between a Trapped Atom and a Semiconductor Quantum Dot JF - Physical Review A Y1 - 2009 A1 - Edo Waks A1 - Christopher Monroe AB - We propose a quantum optical interface between an atomic and solid state system. We show that quantum states in a single trapped atom can be entangled with the states of a semiconductor quantum dot through their common interaction with a classical laser field. The interference and detection of the resulting scattered photons can then herald the entanglement of the disparate atomic and solid-state quantum bits. We develop a protocol that can succeed despite a significant mismatch in the radiative characteristics of the two matter-based qubits. We study in detail a particular case of this interface applied to a single trapped \Yb ion and a cavity-coupled InGaAs semiconductor quantum dot. Entanglement fidelity and success rates are found to be robust to a broad range of experimental nonideal effects such as dispersion mismatch, atom recoil, and multi-photon scattering. We conclude that it should be possible to produce highly entangled states of these complementary qubit systems under realistic experimental conditions. VL - 80 UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.0444v1 CP - 6 J1 - Phys. Rev. A U5 - 10.1103/PhysRevA.80.062330 ER -