TY - JOUR T1 - Critical phase and spin sharpening in SU(2)-symmetric monitored quantum circuits JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2023 A1 - Shayan Majidy A1 - Utkarsh Agrawal A1 - Sarang Gopalakrishnan A1 - Andrew C. Potter A1 - Romain Vasseur A1 - Nicole Yunger Halpern AB -

Monitored quantum circuits exhibit entanglement transitions at certain measurement rates. Such a transition separates phases characterized by how much information an observer can learn from the measurement outcomes. We study SU(2)-symmetric monitored quantum circuits, using exact numerics and a mapping onto an effective statistical-mechanics model. Due to the symmetry's non-Abelian nature, measuring qubit pairs allows for nontrivial entanglement scaling even in the measurement-only limit. We find a transition between a volume-law entangled phase and a critical phase whose diffusive purification dynamics emerge from the non-Abelian symmetry. Additionally, we numerically identify a "spin-sharpening transition." On one side is a phase in which the measurements can efficiently identify the system's total spin quantum number; on the other side is a phase in which measurements cannot.

VL - 108 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13356 U5 - 10.1103/physrevb.108.054307 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Error Mitigation Thresholds in Noisy Quantum Circuits Y1 - 2023 A1 - Pradeep Niroula A1 - Sarang Gopalakrishnan A1 - Michael J. Gullans AB -

Extracting useful information from noisy near-term quantum simulations requires error mitigation strategies. A broad class of these strategies rely on precise characterization of the noise source. We study the performance of such strategies when the noise is imperfectly characterized. We adapt an Imry-Ma argument to predict the existence of an error mitigation threshold for random spatially local circuits in spatial dimensions D≥2: characterization disorder below the threshold rate allows for error mitigation up to times that scale with the number of qubits. For one-dimensional circuits, by contrast, mitigation fails at an O(1) time for any imperfection in the characterization of disorder. We discuss implications for tests of quantum computational advantage, fault-tolerant probes of measurement-induced phase transitions, and quantum algorithms in near-term devices.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04278 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Thresholds in the Robustness of Error Mitigation in Noisy Quantum Dynamics Y1 - 2023 A1 - Pradeep Niroula A1 - Sarang Gopalakrishnan A1 - Michael J. Gullans AB -

Extracting useful information from noisy near-term quantum simulations requires error mitigation strategies. A broad class of these strategies rely on precise characterization of the noise source. We study the robustness of such strategies when the noise is imperfectly characterized. We adapt an Imry-Ma argument to predict the existence of a threshold in the robustness of error mitigation for random spatially local circuits in spatial dimensions D≥2: noise characterization disorder below the threshold rate allows for error mitigation up to times that scale with the number of qubits. For one-dimensional circuits, by contrast, mitigation fails at an O(1) time for any imperfection in the characterization of disorder. As a result, error mitigation is only a practical method for sufficiently well-characterized noise. We discuss further implications for tests of quantum computational advantage, fault-tolerant probes of measurement-induced phase transitions, and quantum algorithms in near-term devices.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04278 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Infinite-randomness criticality in monitored quantum dynamics with static disorder Y1 - 2022 A1 - Aidan Zabalo A1 - Justin H. Wilson A1 - Michael J. Gullans A1 - Romain Vasseur A1 - Sarang Gopalakrishnan A1 - David A. Huse A1 - J. H. Pixley AB -

We consider a model of monitored quantum dynamics with quenched spatial randomness: specifically, random quantum circuits with spatially varying measurement rates. These circuits undergo a measurement-induced phase transition (MIPT) in their entanglement structure, but the nature of the critical point differs drastically from the case with constant measurement rate. In particular, at the critical measurement rate, we find that the entanglement of a subsystem of size ℓ scales as S∼ℓ√; moreover, the dynamical critical exponent z=∞. The MIPT is flanked by Griffiths phases with continuously varying dynamical exponents. We argue for this infinite-randomness scenario on general grounds and present numerical evidence that it captures some features of the universal critical properties of MIPT using large-scale simulations of Clifford circuits. These findings demonstrate that the relevance and irrelevance of perturbations to the MIPT can naturally be interpreted using a powerful heuristic known as the Harris criterion. 

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.14002 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Operator Scaling Dimensions and Multifractality at Measurement-Induced Transitions JF - Physical Review Letters Y1 - 2022 A1 - Aidan Zabalo A1 - Michael Gullans A1 - Justin H. Wilson A1 - Romain Vasseur A1 - Andreas W. W. Ludwig A1 - Sarang Gopalakrishnan A1 - David A. Huse A1 - J. H. Pixley AB -

Repeated local measurements of quantum many body systems can induce a phase transition in their entanglement structure. These measurement-induced phase transitions (MIPTs) have been studied for various types of dynamics, yet most cases yield quantitatively similar values of the critical exponents, making it unclear if there is only one underlying universality class. Here, we directly probe the properties of the conformal field theories governing these MIPTs using a numerical transfer-matrix method, which allows us to extract the effective central charge, as well as the first few low-lying scaling dimensions of operators at these critical points. Our results provide convincing evidence that the generic and Clifford MIPTs for qubits lie in different universality classes and that both are distinct from the percolation transition for qudits in the limit of large onsite Hilbert space dimension. For the generic case, we find strong evidence of multifractal scaling of correlation functions at the critical point, reflected in a continuous spectrum of scaling dimensions.

VL - 128 UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03393 U5 - 10.1103/physrevlett.128.050602 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Entanglement and purification transitions in non-Hermitian quantum mechanics JF - Phys. Rev. Lett., in press Y1 - 2021 A1 - Sarang Gopalakrishnan A1 - Michael Gullans AB -

A quantum system subject to continuous measurement and post-selection evolves according to a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. We show that, as one increases the rate of post-selection, this non-Hermitian Hamiltonian undergoes a spectral phase transition. On one side of this phase transition (for weak post-selection) an initially mixed density matrix remains mixed at all times, and an initially unentangled state develops volume-law entanglement; on the other side, an arbitrary initial state approaches a unique pure state with low entanglement. We identify this transition with an exceptional point in the spectrum of the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, at which PT symmetry is spontaneously broken. We characterize the transition as well as the nontrivial steady state that emerges at late times in the mixed phase using exact diagonalization and an approximate, analytically tractable mean-field theory; these methods yield consistent conclusions.

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.01435 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Subdiffusive hydrodynamics of nearly-integrable anisotropic spin chains Y1 - 2021 A1 - Jacopo De Nardis A1 - Sarang Gopalakrishnan A1 - Romain Vasseur A1 - Brayden Ware AB -

We address spin transport in the easy-axis Heisenberg spin chain subject to integrability-breaking perturbations. We find that spin transport is subdiffusive with dynamical exponent z=4 up to a timescale that is parametrically long in the anisotropy. In the limit of infinite anisotropy, transport is subdiffusive at all times; for large finite anisotropy, one eventually recovers diffusion at late times, but with a diffusion constant independent of the strength of the integrability breaking perturbation. We provide numerical evidence for these findings, and explain them by adapting the generalized hydrodynamics framework to nearly integrable dynamics. Our results show that the diffusion constant of near-integrable interacting spin chains is not generically a continuous function of the integrability-breaking parameter. 

UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.13251 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Controllable quantum spin glasses with magnetic impurities embedded in quantum solids JF - Physical Review B Y1 - 2013 A1 - Mikhail Lemeshko A1 - Norman Y. Yao A1 - Alexey V. Gorshkov A1 - Hendrik Weimer A1 - Steven D. Bennett A1 - Takamasa Momose A1 - Sarang Gopalakrishnan AB - Magnetic impurities embedded in inert solids can exhibit long coherence times and interact with one another via their intrinsic anisotropic dipolar interaction. We argue that, as a consequence of these properties, disordered ensembles of magnetic impurities provide an effective platform for realizing a controllable, tunable version of the dipolar quantum spin glass seen in LiHo$_x$Y$_{1-x}$F$_4$. Specifically, we propose and analyze a system composed of dysprosium atoms embedded in solid helium. We describe the phase diagram of the system and discuss the realizability and detectability of the quantum spin glass and antiglass phases. VL - 88 UR - http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.1130v1 CP - 1 J1 - Phys. Rev. B U5 - 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.014426 ER -