01599nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006800041210006800109520117300177100001801350700002001368700002001388700002001408856003701428 2018 eng d00aQuantum Supremacy and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling0 aQuantum Supremacy and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling3 a
A critical milestone on the path to useful quantum computers is quantum supremacy - a demonstration of a quantum computation that is prohibitively hard for classical computers. A leading near-term candidate, put forth by the Google/UCSB team, is sampling from the probability distributions of randomly chosen quantum circuits, which we call Random Circuit Sampling (RCS). In this paper we study both the hardness and verification of RCS. While RCS was defined with experimental realization in mind, we show complexity theoretic evidence of hardness that is on par with the strongest theoretical proposals for supremacy. Specifically, we show that RCS satisfies an average-case hardness condition - computing output probabilities of typical quantum circuits is as hard as computing them in the worst-case, and therefore #P-hard. Our reduction exploits the polynomial structure in the output amplitudes of random quantum circuits, enabled by the Feynman path integral. In addition, it follows from known results that RCS satisfies an anti-concentration property, making it the first supremacy proposal with both average-case hardness and anti-concentration.
1 aBouland, Adam1 aFefferman, Bill1 aNirkhe, Chinmay1 aVazirani, Umesh uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1803.04402