01258nas a2200157 4500008004100000245004100041210004100082260001400123300001100137490000800148520084100156100003000997700001701027700001901044856003701063 2021 eng d00aConformal field theories are magical0 aConformal field theories are magical c2/25/2021 a0751450 v1033 a

"Magic" is the degree to which a state cannot be approximated by Clifford gates. We study mana, a measure of magic, in the ground state of the Z3 Potts model, and argue that it is a broadly useful diagnostic for many-body physics. In particular we find that the q=3 ground state has large mana at the model's critical point, and that this mana resides in the system's correlations. We explain the form of the mana by a simple tensor-counting calculation based on a MERA representation of the state. Because mana is present at all length scales, we conclude that the conformal field theory describing the 3-state Potts model critical point is magical. These results control the difficulty of preparing the Potts ground state on an error-corrected quantum computer, and constrain tensor network models of AdS-CFT.

1 aWhite, Christopher, David1 aCao, ChunJun1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2007.0130301785nas a2200145 4500008004100000245005600041210005600097260001100153300001200164490000700176520138200183100001801565700001901583856003701602 2020 eng d00aAccessing scrambling using matrix product operators0 aAccessing scrambling using matrix product operators c2/2020 a199-2040 v163 a

Scrambling, a process in which quantum information spreads over a complex quantum system becoming inaccessible to simple probes, happens in generic chaotic quantum many-body systems, ranging from spin chains, to metals, even to black holes. Scrambling can be measured using out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs), which are closely tied to the growth of Heisenberg operators. In this work, we present a general method to calculate OTOCs of local operators in local one-dimensional systems based on approximating Heisenberg operators as matrix-product operators (MPOs). Contrary to the common belief that such tensor network methods work only at early times, we show that the entire early growth region of the OTOC can be captured using an MPO approximation with modest bond dimension. We analytically establish the goodness of the approximation by showing that if an appropriate OTOC is close to its initial value, then the associated Heisenberg operator has low entanglement across a given cut. We use the method to study scrambling in a chaotic spin chain with 201 sites. Based on this data and OTOC results for black holes, local random circuit models, and non-interacting systems, we conjecture a universal form for the dynamics of the OTOC near the wavefront. We show that this form collapses the chaotic spin chain data over more than fifteen orders of magnitude.

1 aXu, Shenglong1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1802.0080101128nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260001400191520066400205100002100869700002100890700001900911700001500930856003700945 2020 eng d00aApproximate recovery and relative entropy I. general von Neumann subalgebras0 aApproximate recovery and relative entropy I general von Neumann  c6/14/20203 a

We prove the existence of a universal recovery channel that approximately recovers states on a v. Neumann subalgebra when the change in relative entropy, with respect to a fixed reference state, is small. Our result is a generalization of previous results that applied to type-I v. Neumann algebras by Junge at al. [arXiv:1509.07127]. We broadly follow their proof strategy but consider here arbitrary v. Neumann algebras, where qualitatively new issues arise. Our results hinge on the construction of certain analytic vectors and computations/estimations of their Araki-Masuda Lp norms. We comment on applications to the quantum null energy condition.

1 aFaulkner, Thomas1 aHollands, Stefan1 aSwingle, Brian1 aWang, Yixu uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2006.0800201128nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260001400191520066400205100002100869700002100890700001900911700001500930856003700945 2020 eng d00aApproximate recovery and relative entropy I. general von Neumann subalgebras0 aApproximate recovery and relative entropy I general von Neumann  c6/14/20203 a

We prove the existence of a universal recovery channel that approximately recovers states on a v. Neumann subalgebra when the change in relative entropy, with respect to a fixed reference state, is small. Our result is a generalization of previous results that applied to type-I v. Neumann algebras by Junge at al. [arXiv:1509.07127]. We broadly follow their proof strategy but consider here arbitrary v. Neumann algebras, where qualitatively new issues arise. Our results hinge on the construction of certain analytic vectors and computations/estimations of their Araki-Masuda Lp norms. We comment on applications to the quantum null energy condition.

1 aFaulkner, Thomas1 aHollands, Stefan1 aSwingle, Brian1 aWang, Yixu uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2006.0800201291nas a2200169 4500008004100000245005900041210005900100260001400159300000900173490000900182520082200191100001701013700001801030700001901048700001701067856003701084 2020 eng d00aBuilding Bulk Geometry from the Tensor Radon Transform0 aBuilding Bulk Geometry from the Tensor Radon Transform c12/4/2020 a1-500 v20203 a

Using the tensor Radon transform and related numerical methods, we study how bulk geometries can be explicitly reconstructed from boundary entanglement entropies in the specific case of AdS3/CFT2. We find that, given the boundary entanglement entropies of a 2d CFT, this framework provides a quantitative measure that detects whether the bulk dual is geometric in the perturbative (near AdS) limit. In the case where a well-defined bulk geometry exists, we explicitly reconstruct the unique bulk metric tensor once a gauge choice is made. We then examine the emergent bulk geometries for static and dynamical scenarios in holography and in many-body systems. Apart from the physics results, our work demonstrates that numerical methods are feasible and effective in the study of bulk reconstruction in AdS/CFT.

1 aCao, ChunJun1 aQ, Xiao-Liang1 aSwingle, Brian1 aTang, Eugene uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2007.0000401260nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006500041210006000106260001400166520085200180100001901032700001901051700001901070856003701089 2020 eng d00aAn exponential ramp in the quadratic Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model0 aexponential ramp in the quadratic SachdevYeKitaev model c6/26/20203 a

A long period of linear growth in the spectral form factor provides a universal diagnostic of quantum chaos at intermediate times. By contrast, the behavior of the spectral form factor in disordered integrable many-body models is not well understood. Here we study the two-body Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model and show that the spectral form factor features an exponential ramp, in sharp contrast to the linear ramp in chaotic models. We find a novel mechanism for this exponential ramp in terms of a high-dimensional manifold of saddle points in the path integral formulation of the spectral form factor. This manifold arises because the theory enjoys a large symmetry group. With finite nonintegrable interaction strength, these delicate symmetries reduce to a relative time translation, causing the exponential ramp to give way to a linear ramp.

1 aWiner, Michael1 aJian, Shao-Kai1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2006.1515201721nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260001400184520132600198100001901524700001901543856003701562 2020 eng d00aInformation scrambling at finite temperature in local quantum systems0 aInformation scrambling at finite temperature in local quantum sy c5/21/20203 a

This paper investigates the temperature dependence of quantum information scrambling in local systems with an energy gap, m, above the ground state. We study the speed and shape of growing Heisenberg operators as quantified by out-of-time-order correlators, with particular attention paid to so-called contour dependence, i.e. dependence on the way operators are distributed around the thermal circle. We report large scale tensor network numerics on a gapped chaotic spin chain down to temperatures comparable to the gap which show that the speed of operator growth is strongly contour dependent. The numerics also show a characteristic broadening of the operator wavefront at finite temperature T. To study the behavior at temperatures much below the gap, we perform a perturbative calculation in the paramagnetic phase of a 2+1D O(N) non-linear sigma model, which is analytically tractable at large N. Using the ladder diagram technique, we find that operators spread at a speed T/m−−−−√ at low temperatures, T≪m. In contrast to the numerical findings of spin chain, the large N computation is insensitive to the contour dependence and does not show broadening of operator front. We discuss these results in the context of a recently proposed state-dependent bound on scrambling.

1 aSahu, Subhayan1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2005.1081401721nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260001400184520132600198100001901524700001901543856003701562 2020 eng d00aInformation scrambling at finite temperature in local quantum systems0 aInformation scrambling at finite temperature in local quantum sy c5/21/20203 a

This paper investigates the temperature dependence of quantum information scrambling in local systems with an energy gap, m, above the ground state. We study the speed and shape of growing Heisenberg operators as quantified by out-of-time-order correlators, with particular attention paid to so-called contour dependence, i.e. dependence on the way operators are distributed around the thermal circle. We report large scale tensor network numerics on a gapped chaotic spin chain down to temperatures comparable to the gap which show that the speed of operator growth is strongly contour dependent. The numerics also show a characteristic broadening of the operator wavefront at finite temperature T. To study the behavior at temperatures much below the gap, we perform a perturbative calculation in the paramagnetic phase of a 2+1D O(N) non-linear sigma model, which is analytically tractable at large N. Using the ladder diagram technique, we find that operators spread at a speed T/m−−−−√ at low temperatures, T≪m. In contrast to the numerical findings of spin chain, the large N computation is insensitive to the contour dependence and does not show broadening of operator front. We discuss these results in the context of a recently proposed state-dependent bound on scrambling.

1 aSahu, Subhayan1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2005.1081401309nas a2200169 4500008004100000245003800041210003800079260001400117490000800131520085000139100001900989700002401008700002601032700002501058700001901083856003701102 2020 eng d00aMinimal model for fast scrambling0 aMinimal model for fast scrambling c9/22/20200 v1253 a

We study quantum information scrambling in spin models with both long-range all-to-all and short-range interactions. We argue that a simple global, spatially homogeneous interaction together with local chaotic dynamics is sufficient to give rise to fast scrambling, which describes the spread of quantum information over the entire system in a time that is logarithmic in the system size. This is illustrated in two exactly solvable models: (1) a random circuit with Haar random local unitaries and a global interaction and (2) a classical model of globally coupled non-linear oscillators. We use exact numerics to provide further evidence by studying the time evolution of an out-of-time-order correlator and entanglement entropy in spin chains of intermediate sizes. Our results can be verified with state-of-the-art quantum simulators.

1 aBelyansky, Ron1 aBienias, Przemyslaw1 aKharkov, Yaroslav, A.1 aGorshkov, Alexey, V.1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2005.0536201744nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125260001400194520131100208100001801519700001701537700001901554856003701573 2020 eng d00aNon-equilibrium steady state phases of the interacting Aubry-Andre-Harper model0 aNonequilibrium steady state phases of the interacting AubryAndre c5/21/20203 a

Here we study the phase diagram of the Aubry-Andre-Harper model in the presence of strong interactions as the strength of the quasiperiodic potential is varied. Previous work has established the existence of many-body localized phase at large potential strength; here, we find a rich phase diagram in the delocalized regime characterized by spin transport and unusual correlations. We calculate the non-equilibrium steady states of a boundary-driven strongly interacting Aubry-Andre-Harper model by employing the time-evolving block decimation algorithm on matrix product density operators. From these steady states, we extract spin transport as a function of system size and quasiperiodic potential strength. This data shows spin transport going from superdiffusive to subdiffusive well before the localization transition; comparing to previous results, we also find that the transport transition is distinct from a transition observed in the speed of operator growth in the model. We also investigate the correlation structure of the steady state and find an unusual oscillation pattern for intermediate values of the potential strength. The unusual spin transport and quantum correlation structure suggest multiple dynamical phases between the much-studied thermal and many-body-localized phases.

1 aYoo, Yongchan1 aLee, Junhyun1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2005.1083501122nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008500041210007000126260001300196490000800209520061300217100001700830700001800847700001500865700001600880700001900896856003700915 2020 eng d00aThe operator Lévy flight: light cones in chaotic long-range interacting systems0 aoperator Lévy flight light cones in chaotic longrange interactin c7/6/20200 v1243 a

We propose a generic light cone phase diagram for chaotic long-range r−α interacting systems, where a linear light cone appears for α≥d+1/2 in d dimension. Utilizing the dephasing nature of quantum chaos, we argue that the universal behavior of the squared commutator is described by a stochastic model, for which the exact phase diagram is known. We provide an interpretation in terms of the Lévy flights and show that this suffices to capture the scaling of the squared commutator. We verify these phenomena in numerical computation of a long-range spin chain with up to 200 sites. 

1 aZhou, Tianci1 aXu, Shenglong1 aChen, Xiao1 aGuo, Andrew1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1909.0864601875nas a2200145 4500008004100000245004100041210003900082260001300121520148600134100001801620700002201638700001301660700001901673856003701692 2020 eng d00aA Sparse Model of Quantum Holography0 aSparse Model of Quantum Holography c8/5/20203 a

We study a sparse version of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model defined on random hypergraphs constructed either by a random pruning procedure or by randomly sampling regular hypergraphs. The resulting model has a new parameter, k, defined as the ratio of the number of terms in the Hamiltonian to the number of degrees of freedom, with the sparse limit corresponding to the thermodynamic limit at fixed k. We argue that this sparse SYK model recovers the interesting global physics of ordinary SYK even when k is of order unity. In particular, at low temperature the model exhibits a gravitational sector which is maximally chaotic. Our argument proceeds by constructing a path integral for the sparse model which reproduces the conventional SYK path integral plus gapped fluctuations. The sparsity of the model permits larger scale numerical calculations than previously possible, the results of which are consistent with the path integral analysis. Additionally, we show that the sparsity of the model considerably reduces the cost of quantum simulation algorithms. This makes the sparse SYK model the most efficient currently known route to simulate a holographic model of quantum gravity. We also define and study a sparse supersymmetric SYK model, with similar conclusions to the non-supersymmetric case. Looking forward, we argue that the class of models considered here constitute an interesting and relatively unexplored sparse frontier in quantum many-body physics.

1 aXu, Shenglong1 aSusskind, Leonard1 aSu, Yuan1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2008.0230301902nas a2200157 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156260001500225520137700240100001801617700001301635700001701648700001901665700002301684856003701707 2019 eng d00aButterfly effect in interacting Aubry-Andre model: thermalization, slow scrambling, and many-body localization0 aButterfly effect in interacting AubryAndre model thermalization  c02/19/20193 a

The many-body localization transition in quasiperiodic systems has been extensively studied in recent ultracold atom experiments. At intermediate quasiperiodic potential strength, a surprising Griffiths-like regime with slow dynamics appears in the absence of random disorder and mobility edges. In this work, we study the interacting Aubry-Andre model, a prototype quasiperiodic system, as a function of incommensurate potential strength using a novel dynamical measure, information scrambling, in a large system of 200 lattice sites. Between the thermal phase and the many-body localized phase, we find an intermediate dynamical phase where the butterfly velocity is zero and information spreads in space as a power-law in time. This is in contrast to the ballistic spreading in the thermal phase and logarithmic spreading in the localized phase. We further investigate the entanglement structure of the many-body eigenstates in the intermediate phase and find strong fluctuations in eigenstate entanglement entropy within a given energy window, which is inconsistent with the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. Machine-learning on the entanglement spectrum also reaches the same conclusion. Our large-scale simulations suggest that the intermediate phase with vanishing butterfly velocity could be responsible for the slow dynamics seen in recent experiments.

1 aXu, Shenglong1 aLi, Xiao1 aHsu, Yi-Ting1 aSwingle, Brian1 aSarma, Sankar, Das uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1902.0719901125nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003500041210003500076260001500111520080500126100001600931700001900947856003700966 2019 eng d00aChaos in a quantum rotor model0 aChaos in a quantum rotor model c01/29/20193 a

We study scrambling in a model consisting of a number N of M-component quantum rotors coupled by random infinite-range interactions. This model is known to have both a paramagnetic phase and a spin glass phase separated by second order phase transition. We calculate in perturbation theory the squared commutator of rotor fields at different sites in the paramagnetic phase, to leading non-trivial order at large N and large M. This quantity diagnoses the onset of quantum chaos in this system, and we show that the squared commutator grows exponentially with time, with a Lyapunov exponent proportional to 1M. At high temperature, the Lyapunov exponent limits to a value set by the microscopic couplings, while at low temperature, the exponent exhibits a T4 dependence on temperature T. 

1 aCheng, Gong1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1901.1044601228nas a2200145 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116260001500185520076500200100002100965700002100986700001901007700001901026856003701045 2019 eng d00aA characterization of quantum chaos by two-point correlation functions0 acharacterization of quantum chaos by twopoint correlation functi c02/28/20193 a

We propose a characterization of quantum many-body chaos: given a collection of simple operators, the set of all possible pair-correlations between these operators can be organized into a matrix with random-matrix-like spectrum. This approach is particularly useful for locally interacting systems, which do not generically show exponential Lyapunov growth of out-of-time-ordered correlators. We demonstrate the validity of this characterization by numerically studying the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model and a one-dimensional spin chain with random magnetic field (XXZ model).

1 aGharibyan, Hrant1 aHanada, Masanori1 aSwingle, Brian1 aTezuka, Masaki uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1902.1108601967nas a2200133 4500008004100000245005100041210004900092260001400141490000600155520159800161100001801759700001901777856003701796 2019 eng d00aLocality, Quantum Fluctuations, and Scrambling0 aLocality Quantum Fluctuations and Scrambling c9/18/20190 v93 a

Thermalization of chaotic quantum many-body systems under unitary time evolution is related to the growth in complexity of initially simple Heisenberg operators. Operator growth is a manifestation of information scrambling and can be diagnosed by out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs). However, the behavior of OTOCs of local operators in generic chaotic local Hamiltonians remains poorly understood, with some semiclassical and large N models exhibiting exponential growth of OTOCs and a sharp chaos wavefront and other random circuit models showing a diffusively broadened wavefront. In this paper we propose a unified physical picture for scrambling in chaotic local Hamiltonians. We construct a random time-dependent Hamiltonian model featuring a large N limit where the OTOC obeys a Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov (FKPP) type equation and exhibits exponential growth and a sharp wavefront. We show that quantum fluctuations manifest as noise (distinct from the randomness of the couplings in the underlying Hamiltonian) in the FKPP equation and that the noise-averaged OTOC exhibits a cross-over to a diffusively broadened wavefront. At small N we demonstrate that operator growth dynamics, averaged over the random couplings, can be efficiently simulated for all time using matrix product state techniques. To show that time-dependent randomness is not essential to our conclusions, we push our previous matrix product operator methods to very large size and show that data for a time-independent Hamiltonian model are also consistent with a diffusively-broadened wavefront.

1 aXu, Shenglong1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1805.0537601707nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006500041210006500106260001500171490000800186520130600194100001701500700001901517856003701536 2019 eng d00aProduct Spectrum Ansatz and the Simplicity of Thermal States0 aProduct Spectrum Ansatz and the Simplicity of Thermal States c2019/11/180 v1003 a

Calculating the physical properties of quantum thermal states is a difficult problem for classical computers, rendering it intractable for most quantum many-body systems. A quantum computer, by contrast, would make many of these calculations feasible in principle, but it is still non-trivial to prepare a given thermal state or sample from it. It is also not known how to prepare special simple purifications of thermal states known as thermofield doubles, which play an important role in quantum many-body physics and quantum gravity. To address this problem, we propose a variational scheme to prepare approximate thermal states on a quantum computer by applying a series of two-qubit gates to a product mixed state. We apply our method to a non-integrable region of the mixed field Ising chain and the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. We also demonstrate how our method can be easily extended to large systems governed by local Hamiltonians and the preparation of thermofield double states. By comparing our results with exact solutions, we find that our construction enables the efficient preparation of approximate thermal states on quantum devices. Our results can be interpreted as implying that the details of the many-body energy spectrum are not needed to capture simple thermal observables.

1 aMartyn, John1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1812.0101501585nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147260001500216520109100231100002101322700002001343700001901363700002001382856003701402 2019 eng d00aQuantum circuit approximations and entanglement renormalization for the Dirac field in 1+1 dimensions0 aQuantum circuit approximations and entanglement renormalization  c05/21/20193 a

The multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz describes quantum many-body states by a hierarchical entanglement structure organized by length scale. Numerically, it has been demonstrated to capture critical lattice models and the data of the corresponding conformal field theories with high accuracy. However, a rigorous understanding of its success and precise relation to the continuum is still lacking. To address this challenge, we provide an explicit construction of entanglement-renormalization quantum circuits that rigorously approximate correlation functions of the massless Dirac conformal field theory. We directly target the continuum theory: discreteness is introduced by our choice of how to probe the system, not by any underlying short-distance lattice regulator. To achieve this, we use multiresolution analysis from wavelet theory to obtain an approximation scheme and to implement entanglement renormalization in a natural way. This could be a starting point for constructing quantum circuit approximations for more general conformal field theories. 

1 aWitteveen, Freek1 aScholz, Volkher1 aSwingle, Brian1 aWalter, Michael uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1905.0882102203nas a2200205 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260001500190520157300205100002001778700002101798700002401819700001901843700001901862700001801881700002201899700001901921700002001940856003701960 2019 eng d00aQuantum Gravity in the Lab: Teleportation by Size and Traversable Wormholes0 aQuantum Gravity in the Lab Teleportation by Size and Traversable c2019/11/143 a

With the long-term goal of studying quantum gravity in the lab, we propose holographic teleportation protocols that can be readily executed in table-top experiments. These protocols exhibit similar behavior to that seen in recent traversable wormhole constructions: information that is scrambled into one half of an entangled system will, following a weak coupling between the two halves, unscramble into the other half. We introduce the concept of "teleportation by size" to capture how the physics of operator-size growth naturally leads to information transmission. The transmission of a signal through a semi-classical holographic wormhole corresponds to a rather special property of the operator-size distribution we call "size winding". For more general setups (which may not have a clean emergent geometry), we argue that imperfect size winding is a generalization of the traversable wormhole phenomenon. For example, a form of signalling continues to function at high temperature and at large times for generic chaotic systems, even though it does not correspond to a signal going through a geometrical wormhole, but rather to an interference effect involving macroscopically different emergent geometries. Finally, we outline implementations feasible with current technology in two experimental platforms: Rydberg atom arrays and trapped ions. 

1 aBrown, Adam, R.1 aGharibyan, Hrant1 aLeichenauer, Stefan1 aLin, Henry, W.1 aNezami, Sepehr1 aSalton, Grant1 aSusskind, Leonard1 aSwingle, Brian1 aWalter, Michael uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1911.0631401364nas a2200157 4500008004100000245003000041210003000071260001500101490000800116520096500124100002101089700002101110700001901131700001901150856003701169 2019 eng d00aQuantum Lyapunov Spectrum0 aQuantum Lyapunov Spectrum c04/10/20190 v0823 a

We introduce a simple quantum generalization of the spectrum of classical Lyapunov exponents. We apply it to the SYK and XXZ models, and study the Lyapunov growth and entropy production. Our numerical results suggest that a black hole is not just the fastest scrambler, but also the fastest entropy generator. We also study the statistical features of the quantum Lyapunov spectrum and find universal random matrix behavior, which resembles the recently-found universality in classical chaos. The random matrix behavior is lost when the system is deformed away from chaos, towards integrability or a many-body localized phase. We propose that quantum systems holographically dual to gravity satisfy this universality in a strong form. We further argue that the quantum Lyapunov spectrum contains important additional information beyond the largest Lyapunov exponent and hence provides us with a better characterization of chaos in quantum systems. 

1 aGharibyan, Hrant1 aHanada, Masanori1 aSwingle, Brian1 aTezuka, Masaki uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1809.0167101495nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005200041210005100093260001500144520112900159100002901288700001901317856003701336 2019 eng d00aQuenched vs Annealed: Glassiness from SK to SYK0 aQuenched vs Annealed Glassiness from SK to SYK c11/26/20193 a

We show that any SYK-like model with finite-body interactions among \textit{local} degrees of freedom, e.g., bosons or spins, has a fundamental difference from the standard fermionic model: the former fails to be described by an annealed free energy at low temperature. In this respect, such models more closely resemble spin glasses. We demonstrate this by two means: first, a general theorem proving that the annealed free energy is divergent at low temperature in any model with a tensor product Hilbert space; and second, a replica treatment of two prominent examples which exhibit phase transitions from an "annealed" phase to a "non-annealed" phase as a function of temperature. We further show that this effect appears only at O(N)'th order in a 1/N expansion, even though lower-order terms misleadingly seem to converge. Our results prove that the non-bosonic nature of the particles in SYK is an essential ingredient for its physics, highlight connections between local models and spin glasses, and raise important questions as to the role of fermions and/or glassiness in holography.

1 aBaldwin, Christopher, L.1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1911.1186501664nas a2200157 4500008004100000245006600041210006200107260001500169520119400184100001801378700001901396700001701415700001901432700001801451856003701469 2019 eng d00aThe Speed of Quantum Information Spreading in Chaotic Systems0 aSpeed of Quantum Information Spreading in Chaotic Systems c08/19/20193 a

We present a general theory of quantum information propagation in chaotic quantum many-body systems. The generic expectation in such systems is that quantum information does not propagate in localized form; instead, it tends to spread out and scramble into a form that is inaccessible to local measurements. To characterize this spreading, we define an information speed via a quench-type experiment and derive a general formula for it as a function of the entanglement density of the initial state. As the entanglement density varies from zero to one, the information speed varies from the entanglement speed to the butterfly speed. We verify that the formula holds both for a quantum chaotic spin chain and in field theories with an AdS/CFT gravity dual. For the second case, we study in detail the dynamics of entanglement in two-sided Vaidya-AdS-Reissner-Nordstrom black branes. We also show that, with an appropriate decoding process, quantum information can be construed as moving at the information speed, and, in the case of AdS/CFT, we show that a locally detectable signal propagates at the information speed in a spatially local variant of the traversable wormhole setup.

1 aCouch, Josiah1 aEccles, Stefan1 aNguyen, Phuc1 aSwingle, Brian1 aXu, Shenglong uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1908.0699301046nas a2200133 4500008004100000245003700041210003700078260001500115490000700130520069800137100002100835700001900856856003700875 2019 eng d00aThermalization and chaos in QED30 aThermalization and chaos in QED3 c04/11/20190 v993 a

We study the real time dynamics of NF flavors of fermions coupled to a U(1) gauge field in 2+1 dimensions to leading order in a 1/NF expansion. For large enough NF, this is an interacting conformal field theory and describes the low energy properties of the Dirac spin liquid. We focus on thermalization and the onset of many-body quantum chaos which can be diagnosed from the growth of initally anti-commuting fermion field operators. We compute such anti-commutators in this gauge theory to leading order in 1/NF. We find that the anti-commutator grows exponentially in time and compute the quantum Lyapunov exponent. We briefly comment on chaos, locality, and gauge invariance. 

1 aSteinberg, Julia1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1901.0498400403nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006400041210006400105260001500169100002000184700002100204700001900225856003700244 2019 eng d00aUniversal Constraints on Energy Flow and SYK Thermalization0 aUniversal Constraints on Energy Flow and SYK Thermalization c12/10/20191 aAlmheiri, Ahmed1 aMilekhin, Alexey1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1912.0491201804nas a2200157 4500008004100000245003600041210003600077520137400113100001701487700001801504700001901522700002401541700002501565700001901590856003701609 2018 eng d00aBlack Hole Microstate Cosmology0 aBlack Hole Microstate Cosmology3 a

In this note, we explore the possibility that certain high-energy holographic CFT states correspond to black hole microstates with a geometrical behind-the-horizon region, modelled by a portion of a second asymptotic region terminating at an end-of-the-world (ETW) brane. We study the time-dependent physics of this behind-the-horizon region, whose ETW boundary geometry takes the form of a closed FRW spacetime. We show that in many cases, this behind-the-horizon physics can be probed directly by looking at the time dependence of entanglement entropy for sufficiently large spatial CFT subsystems. We study in particular states defined via Euclidean evolution from conformal boundary states and give specific predictions for the behavior of the entanglement entropy in this case. We perform analogous calculations for the SYK model and find qualitative agreement with our expectations. A fascinating possibility is that for certain states, we might have gravity localized to the ETW brane as in the Randall-Sundrum II scenario for cosmology. In this case, the effective description of physics beyond the horizon could be a big bang/big crunch cosmology of the same dimensionality as the CFT. In this case, the d-dimensional CFT describing the black hole microstate would give a precise, microscopic description of the d-dimensional cosmological physics. 

1 aCooper, Sean1 aRozali, Moshe1 aSwingle, Brian1 aVan Raamsdonk, Mark1 aWaddell, Christopher1 aWakeham, David uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1810.1060101648nas a2200169 4500008004100000245006500041210006400106260001500170300000700185520110300192100001701295700002101312700002601333700002501359700001901384856007501403 2018 eng d00aEntanglement of purification: from spin chains to holography0 aEntanglement of purification from spin chains to holography c2018/01/22 a983 a

Purification is a powerful technique in quantum physics whereby a mixed quantum state is extended to a pure state on a larger system. This process is not unique, and in systems composed of many degrees of freedom, one natural purification is the one with minimal entanglement. Here we study the entropy of the minimally entangled purification, called the entanglement of purification, in three model systems: an Ising spin chain, conformal field theories holographically dual to Einstein gravity, and random stabilizer tensor networks. We conjecture values for the entanglement of purification in all these models, and we support our conjectures with a variety of numerical and analytical results. We find that such minimally entangled purifications have a number of applications, from enhancing entanglement-based tensor network methods for describing mixed states to elucidating novel aspects of the emergence of geometry from entanglement in the AdS/CFT correspondence.

1 aNguyen, Phuc1 aDevakul, Trithep1 aHalbasch, Matthew, G.1 aZaletel, Michael, P.1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FJHEP01%282018%29098#citeas01255nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006300041210006100104260000900165490000800174520086800182100001901050700001501069856003701084 2018 eng d00aHolographic Complexity of Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton Gravity0 aHolographic Complexity of EinsteinMaxwellDilaton Gravity c20180 v1063 a

We study the holographic complexity of Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton gravity using the recently proposed "complexity = volume" and "complexity = action" dualities. The model we consider has a ground state that is represented in the bulk via a so-called hyperscaling violating geometry. We calculate the action growth of the Wheeler-DeWitt patch of the corresponding black hole solution at non-zero temperature and find that, in the presence of violations of hyperscaling, there is a parametric enhancement of the action growth rate. We partially match this behavior to simple tensor network models which can capture aspects of hyperscaling violation. We also exhibit the switchback effect in complexity growth using shockwave geometries and comment on a subtlety of our action calculations when the metric is discontinuous at a null surface.

1 aSwingle, Brian1 aWang, Yixu uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1712.0982602365nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006700041210006000108260001200168490000600180520192900186100002802115700001902143700002002162856003702182 2018 eng d00aThe quasiprobability behind the out-of-time-ordered correlator0 aquasiprobability behind the outoftimeordered correlator c04/20180 vA3 a

Two topics, evolving rapidly in separate fields, were combined recently: The out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC) signals quantum-information scrambling in many-body systems. The Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability represents operators in quantum optics. The OTOC has been shown to equal a moment of a summed quasiprobability. That quasiprobability, we argue, is an extension of the KD distribution. We explore the quasiprobability's structure from experimental, numerical, and theoretical perspectives. First, we simplify and analyze the weak-measurement and interference protocols for measuring the OTOC and its quasiprobability. We decrease, exponentially in system size, the number of trials required to infer the OTOC from weak measurements. We also construct a circuit for implementing the weak-measurement scheme. Next, we calculate the quasiprobability (after coarse-graining) numerically and analytically: We simulate a transverse-field Ising model first. Then, we calculate the quasiprobability averaged over random circuits, which model chaotic dynamics. The quasiprobability, we find, distinguishes chaotic from integrable regimes. We observe nonclassical behaviors: The quasiprobability typically has negative components. It becomes nonreal in some regimes. The onset of scrambling breaks a symmetry that bifurcates the quasiprobability, as in classical-chaos pitchforks. Finally, we present mathematical properties. The quasiprobability obeys a Bayes-type theorem, for example, that exponentially decreases the memory required to calculate weak values, in certain cases. A time-ordered correlator analogous to the OTOC, insensitive to quantum-information scrambling, depends on a quasiprobability closer to a classical probability. This work not only illuminates the OTOC's underpinnings, but also generalizes quasiprobability theory and motivates immediate-future weak-measurement challenges.

1 aHalpern, Nicole, Yunger1 aSwingle, Brian1 aDressel, Justin uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1704.0197101111nas a2200109 4500008004100000245004900041210004900090520079100139100001900930700001500949856003700964 2018 eng d00aRecovery Map for Fermionic Gaussian Channels0 aRecovery Map for Fermionic Gaussian Channels3 a

A recovery map effectively cancels the action of a quantum operation to a partial or full extent. We study the Petz recovery map in the case where the quantum channel and input states are fermionic and Gaussian. Gaussian states are convenient because they are totally determined by their covariance matrix and because they form a closed set under so-called Gaussian channels. Using a Grassmann representation of fermionic Gaussian maps, we show that the Petz recovery map is also Gaussian and determine it explicitly in terms of the covariance matrix of the reference state and the data of the channel. As a by-product, we obtain a formula for the fidelity between two fermionic Gaussian states. We also discuss subtleties arising from the singularities of the involved matrices.

1 aSwingle, Brian1 aWang, Yixu uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1811.0495601416nas a2200133 4500008004100000245004200041210004200083260001500125490000600140520105200146100001901198700002801217856003701245 2018 eng d00aResilience of scrambling measurements0 aResilience of scrambling measurements c2018/06/180 vA3 a

Most experimental protocols for measuring scrambling require time evolution with a Hamiltonian and with the Hamiltonian's negative counterpart (backwards time evolution). Engineering controllable quantum many-body systems for which such forward and backward evolution is possible is a significant experimental challenge. Furthermore, if the system of interest is quantum-chaotic, one might worry that any small errors in the time reversal will be rapidly amplified, obscuring the physics of scrambling. This paper undermines this expectation: We exhibit a renormalization protocol that extracts nearly ideal out-of-time-ordered-correlator measurements from imperfect experimental measurements. We analytically and numerically demonstrate the protocol's effectiveness, up to the scrambling time, in a variety of models and for sizable imperfections. The scheme extends to errors from decoherence by an environment.

1 aSwingle, Brian1 aHalpern, Nicole, Yunger uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1802.0158701302nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127520089100196100001901087700001801106700001901124856003701143 2018 eng d00aScrambling dynamics across a thermalization-localization quantum phase transition0 aScrambling dynamics across a thermalizationlocalization quantum 3 a

We study quantum information scrambling, specifically the growth of Heisenberg operators, in large disordered spin chains using matrix product operator dynamics to scan across the thermalization-localization quantum phase transition. We observe ballistic operator growth for weak disorder, and a sharp transition to a phase with sub-ballistic operator spreading. The critical disorder strength for the ballistic to sub-ballistic transition is well below the many body localization phase transition, as determined from finite size scaling of energy eigenstate entanglement entropy in small chains. In contrast, we find that the operator dynamics is not very sensitive to the actual eigenstate localization transition. These data are discussed in the context of a universal form for the growing operator shape and substantiated with a simple phenomenological model of rare regions.

1 aSahu, Subhayan1 aXu, Shenglong1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1807.0608601318nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004000041210004000081520097600121100002101097700002201118700001901140856003701159 2018 eng d00aSubsystem Complexity and Holography0 aSubsystem Complexity and Holography3 a

We study circuit complexity for spatial regions in holographic field theories. We study analogues based on the entanglement wedge of the bulk quantities appearing in the "complexity = volume" and "complexity = action" conjectures. We calculate these quantities for one exterior region of an eternal static neutral or charged black hole in general dimensions, dual to a thermal state on one boundary with or without chemical potential respectively, as well as for a shock wave geometry. We then define several analogues of circuit complexity for mixed states, and use tensor networks to gain intuition about them. We find a promising qualitative match between the holographic action and what we call the purification complexity, the minimum number of gates required to prepare an arbitrary purification of the given mixed state. On the other hand, the holographic volume does not appear to match any of our definitions of mixed-state complexity.

1 aAgón, Cesar, A.1 aHeadrick, Matthew1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1804.0156102354nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007000041210006900111520185900180100001902039700002002058700002402078700001802102700001902120700002002139856003702159 2017 eng d00aEntanglement Wedge Reconstruction via Universal Recovery Channels0 aEntanglement Wedge Reconstruction via Universal Recovery Channel3 a

We apply and extend the theory of universal recovery channels from quantum information theory to address the problem of entanglement wedge reconstruction in AdS/CFT. It has recently been proposed that any low-energy local bulk operators in a CFT boundary region's entanglement wedge can be reconstructed on that boundary region itself. Existing work arguing for this proposal relies on algebraic consequences of the exact equivalence between bulk and boundary relative entropies, namely the theory of operator algebra quantum error correction. However, bulk and boundary relative entropies are only approximately equal in bulk effective field theory, and in similar situations it is known that predictions from exact entropic equalities can be qualitatively incorrect. The framework of universal recovery channels provides a robust demonstration of the entanglement wedge reconstruction conjecture in addition to new physical insights. Most notably, we find that a bulk operator acting in a given boundary region's entanglement wedge can be expressed as the response of the boundary region's modular Hamiltonian to a perturbation of the bulk state in the direction of the bulk operator. This formula can be interpreted as a noncommutative version of Bayes' rule that attempts to undo the noise induced by restricting to only a portion of the boundary, and has an integral representation in terms of modular flows. To reach these conclusions, we extend the theory of universal recovery channels to finite-dimensional operator algebras and demonstrate that recovery channels approximately preserve the multiplicative structure of the operator algebra

1 aCotler, Jordan1 aHayden, Patrick1 aPenington, Geoffrey1 aSalton, Grant1 aSwingle, Brian1 aWalter, Michael uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1704.0583901605nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006800041210006800109260001500177520121600192100001901408700001901427856003701446 2017 eng d00aRobust entanglement renormalization on a noisy quantum computer0 aRobust entanglement renormalization on a noisy quantum computer c2017/11/203 a

A method to study strongly interacting quantum many-body systems at and away from criticality is proposed. The method is based on a MERA-like tensor network that can be efficiently and reliably contracted on a noisy quantum computer using a number of qubits that is much smaller than the system size. We prove that the outcome of the contraction is stable to noise and that the estimated energy upper bounds the ground state energy. The stability, which we numerically substantiate, follows from the positivity of operator scaling dimensions under renormalization group flow. The variational upper bound follows from a particular assignment of physical qubits to different locations of the tensor network plus the assumption that the noise model is local. We postulate a scaling law for how well the tensor network can approximate ground states of lattice regulated conformal field theories in d spatial dimensions and provide evidence for the postulate. Under this postulate, a O(logd (1/δ))-qubit quantum computer can prepare a valid quantum-mechanical state with energy density δ above the ground state. In the presence of noise, δ = O( logd+1(1/)) can be achieved, where  is the noise strength.

1 aKim, Isaac, H.1 aSwingle, Brian uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1711.07500